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| Scientific Work – Monitoring |
 The antropogenic influence
on the Reservation’s ecosystems in the past was expressed mainly in the barbaric
extermination of sable. Among other animals the Baikal nerpa was badly harmed. As the
result of excessive hunt at the upper parts of many rivers the settlements of
÷åðíîøàïî÷íûõ marmots depleted or completely disappeared. Among the ungulate
the quantity of èçþáðåé è êàáàðãè considerably reduced. Bears were hunted
for, too. Other game animals were hunted for mostly during sable hunts. Forest felling
wasn’t of a large scale and covered only the bank side area. Forest fires did the
maximum harm to the taiga, which were not fought. Forest fires happened even after the
Nation Monument was established. The greatest forest fires were registered in 1943-1944,
when the entire area of the Reservation was 570.879 hectares, while the forester staff was
not enough. In the firs decades after the Reservation was established, the quantity of all the species, harmed by the excessive hunting, was restored and at present time it is being regulated by the natural course of the nature’s processes. The five species of mammals, they are sable, reindeer and stag deer, brown bear and marmot, have always been the most valuable representatives of the Reservation’s fauna. This fact makes us to consider them more attentively. At the moment of the Barguzin Reservation’s foundation on the territory of 200.000 hectares (from Bolshoy Chivirkui river toTarkulik river) there were about of 40 sables. By 1938-1940 sable inhabited all the forests of the Barguzin Reservation and reached the Barguzin valley. By 1958 there were about 500 sables in the Reservation (Gusev, 1966), by 1962 – there were 700-800 of them. At the present time the quantity of sables in the Reservation reached the limit and now flactuates depending on the year conditions from 800 to 1200 animals. Stag deer, or izyubr, at the time of the Barguzin Reservation organization was quite numerous in the Podlemorye area, and was met in the valleys of all the large rivers. After the elk came into the area east-north of Baikal, the quantity of the stag deer started to reduce. Obviously, the elk became a serious rival of the stag deer in conditions of the Barguzin Reservation. The quantity of the brown bear in the area north-east of Baikal is not that high in comparison with Kamchatka or Primorye Territory. Until 1993 on the entire territory of the Reservation there were about 100 bears. Among the genuine and interesting animals of the Baikal region there is the marmot. In the Barguzin Reservation it settles at the south-western border of its area and is represented by it’s comparatively small subspecies (Marmota camtschatica bungei Kastsch). The marmot is widely spread at the Barguzin mountain range and usually prefers the lower border of steep mountainside valleys in the Alpine and Subalpine belts. In 1954 a new species enlarged the number of mammalian fauna. Ondatra, having acclimatized in the Barguzin river valley, appeared in the Reservation. However the size of area, suitable for ondatra’s habitation turned out to be too limited here. In the last decades the list of birds, nesting in the Reservation enlarged a bit. The nestings of lapwing, hoopoe, grey and ordinary starling were marked. For lapwing, the spread of its area to the north is marked all over Siberia.
The Preparation of the Data Bases of the Long-Time Monitoring over the State of the Natural Complexes of the Barguzin Reservation The growing scale of the human influence on the natural environment raises the problem of the ecological prognosis of the possible consequences of such interference. The system of ecological monitoring over the state of natural environment, which is being created now in our country, is aimed at solving that problem. The ecological motoring, as organization of observations according to a specially worked out program is meant to unmask, evaluate and forecast the antropogenic changes of the Biosphere State. During the 80 years of the Barguzin Reservation’s existence a great scientific material was accumulated, that includes the many-years series of observations over the state of various components of biota and abiotic factors. That’s why the most urgent tasks of the Reservation are determining the main factors, that influence the change of the state of some components of the natural complexes, determining the indicating observation objects, and, on that basis, optimization of the program of annual and periodic researches.
Making the Data Bases The databases (DB), that contain the data on results of long-time observations over the parameters of the state of natural complexes of the Barguzin Reservation, were made in dependence on the included material, in Access or Excel formats. To consideration were taken the capability of free export of the electronic Excel tables into the files of the program managing the databases (Access), and, vice versa, for the purposes of statistic processing the rows of data, filling the DB electronic tables using the Access format. To fill the databases all accessible materials of the Reservation, including the previously published data, the card indexes of the primary observations, the manuscripts of the Nature’s Chronicle and other not published reports, were used. The regular observations over the most of the parameters were started in 1984.
The Characteristics of the Prepared Databases on the Long-term Rows of Observations
The database “Weather”(in Excel format) includes the everyday information on the minimal, maximal and average daily temperature of air, minimal temperature on soil, precipitation, height of the snow-cover, minimal, maximal and average daily air humidity, average daily atmospheric pressure, average daily temperature of soil at the depth of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 cm, characteristics of cloudiness and wind strength from 1955 to 1999. The information is provided by the meteorological station “The Barguzin Reservation” (“Davshe”) of the Irkutsk UGMS, placed in Davshe settlement. The database “Waters” (Access format) contains the everyday information on the level, temperature and the expense of water in the rivers Davshe and Kudaldy, gathered by the workers of the Zabaikalskii UGMS hydroposts. The hydrological observation post on the Davshe river is anction from 1978, and the one on the Kudaldy river used to function from 1992 to 1996. The database contains 9180 recordings. The database “Soils” (Access format) includes 235 records and contains the everydecade information on the soil’s moisture, its temperature at the four horizons (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) year 1985 through 1999. The works on studying the moisture and the temperature of the soil were done every decade on the constant probation lot #2 (the bank of Baikal, mixed dark-coniferous forest, the soil type is the taiga podbur) near Davshe settlement from the moment the snow was off the lot and trough out the vegetation period. The temperature of the soil horizons was being determined with Savinov thermometers, and the soil’s humidity was measured by means of weight method (The Methods of Stationary Soil Study, 1977). The database “Plants phenology” (Access format) includes the results of the phythophenological observations at the 5 permanent lots near Davshe settlement (78 species of plants, 5 phenophases, 22 phenomena) year 1976 trough 1999. The database makers of 1976-1988 (15466 records) were A.V. Feodorov and M.A. Feodorova, the ones of 1989-1999 (15779 records) was T.A. Buyandukova. The study of the plants phenology at the Barguzin Reservation started in the 1930s. The phythophenoobservations gained the stationary character from 1965. The database on birds phenology (Excel format) is prepared by A.A. Ananin during the period from 1984 to 1999. He gathered the information on spring migrations of 124 species and on autumn migrations of 128 species of birds (157 species alltogether). The second part of the database (which covers 1940-1983, done by A.A. Ananin and A.V. Feodorov) includes the published materials (Filonov, 1967, 1978 etc.), the materials from the not published manuscripts and card indexes of the primary observations over 154 species of birds of passage and migratory birds. The time of birds’ passage (the first spring meeting, the beginning and the end of the mass passage in spring and autumn, the first meeting at the autumn passage and the last meeting in autumn) were annually registered in spring (March-June) and in the end of summer and in autumn (July-November). The beginning or the end of this or that phenological phenomenon was determined by means of regular registration. The phenological observations were done at the bank of Baikal, mostly around Davshe settlement, Northern and Southern cordons of the Reservation. The database “The nature’s calendar” (Access format) was made in years 1936 through 1997 (8615 records). It includes information on 275 phenomena of seasonal development of nature in the Barguzin Reservation. The borders of seasons and sub seasons are set according to the temperature criteria, received from processing the many-year data. As the indicators of the beginning of a new season (subseasons) were chosen the phenological phenomena, the summ of which makes up a phenological chord. The database “The berry-fields” (Access format) includes 539 records and contains the data on the productivity quantitative evaluation of 5 kinds of berry-fields through out the period from 1971 to 1998. The productivity of berry-fields is controlled by using the method of quantitative calculation at 39 permanent lots in the valleys of rivers Kudaldy, Tarkulik, Davshe, Bolshaya and Yezovka, in all the altitude and vegetative belts. The major attention is paid to 5 kinds, they are red bilberries, bilberries, cranberries, and Empetrum nigrum L. The database “Fruits” (Access format) includes 2905 records on the point evaluation of productivity of fruits and berries, 42 kinds of plants and mushrooms years 1938 through 1997 according to the observations all over the Reservation’s territory, including 696 records on the point evaluation of productivity of cedar, cranberries, bilberries and ãîëóáèêà years 1974 through 1997 (at 10 permanent probation lots). The database “Winter route-calculation of animals” (Excel format) includes information on the meeting frequency of tracks of 15 animal species, belonging to 4 families of 3 orders of mammals, in 3 altitude belts (foothills, mountain-forest, subgoltsis) years 1967 through 1998 and includes 2565 records. The winter route-calculation of animals is being lead in the Barguzin Reservation at the permanent route, going in the belt of foothill valleys (61,5 km), mountain-forest belt (34 km), and subgoltsis belt (7 km). The general length of the route is 102,5 km. The database “The spring-autumn registration of the mouse-like rodents” (Access format) contains 1260 records and includes information on the spring and autumn quantity of 3 species of mouse-like rodents years 1963 through 1997. The relative calculation of the mouse-like rodents by means of Gero äàâèëêàìè was held twice a year in spring and in autumn, at the 8 permanent registration lines in the valleys of Davshe and Tarkulik rivers. The database “The winter calculations of the mouse-like rodents” (Access format) contains 1050 records and includes information on the absolute winter quantity of 4 species of the mouse-like rodents at the 10 permanent lots during the years from 1974-1975 to 1996-1997. The absolute calculation of the mouse-like rodents was being done in winter period at the 10 permanent lots in the valleys of the Tarkulik and Davshe rivers and in between rivers the Davshe and the Bolshaya. The works were being done from the moment the snow-cover set not less than 20 cm. The database “The bear calculation” (Excel format) includes the information about the meeting frequency of the brown bear at the bank area of Baikal from the year1985 to 1997. The visual method of the bear calculation, because of the piculiarities of bears’ ecology at the Baikal banks areas (nourishment with ðó÷åéíèàêìè at the littoral at the mass flight of the insects from the end of May to the beginning of June), is done from a boat in the early morning and in the evening at the 9 permanent locations along the Reservation’s bank (50 km). The database “The brown bear” (Access format) includes various information on all the meetings with bears on the territory of the Reservation during the years 1957 through 1997, it includes 1496 records. The database “Squirrel calculations” (Access and Excel formats) includes information on the results of squirrel calculation at the permanent lots during the years 1976 through 1997. The database “Ungulate” (Access format) includes information on the ïîëîâîçðàñòíîé structure of 3 species of ungulate (elk – 710 records, reindeer – 580 records, stag deer – 440 records) years 1935 through 1997. The database “Wolf” (Access format) includes information on the ïîëîâîçðàñòíîé structure, meeting frequency and wolfs’ victim composition (334 records) during the years 1935 through 1997. The database “Sable” (Access format) contains information on 456 individually marked sables and 750 catchings of the alive sables. The database includes information on the date and place of marking and repeated catchings, the distance from the place of marking, gender, age, weight, description of the fur color, shedding, level of the teeth obliteration, the state of the genitals and the females’ chyle glands. The author of the database is the leading science worker Y.M. Chernikin. The database “The summer calculation of the grown birds” (Excel format) includes the information on the quantity of 114 birds’ species at the 14 lots in the valleys of the Yezovka, Bolshaya and Davshe rivers during the years 1984-1999. The author of the database is the director assistant on the scientific work A.A. Ananin. The database “The winter calculation of the ground birds” (Excel format) includes information on the quantity of 26 species of birds at 4 lots in the Yezovka river valley in the period from 1984 to 1999. The author of the database is the director assistant on the scientific work A.A. Ananin. The database on the autumn calculation of the gallinaceae (Access format) contains 166 records and includes the data on the quantity of hazel-grouse and stone-capercailye in the years 1982 through 1999. The compiler and the author of 80% of information is the director assistant on the scientific work A.A. Ananin. The database “The calculations of the river êðà÷êà” (Excel format) includes materials on the absolute calculations of the nesting river krachkas at the territory of 4 colonies in 1984-1997. The author and compiler of the database is the director assistant on the scientific work A.A. Ananin. The database “The predatory birds” (Excel format) contains information on the monthly meeting frequency of 20 % of the day predatory birds and 9 species of owls during the years 1984 through 1999. The database “Carabus” (Access format) contains 20560 records and includes information on the meeting frequency of the 99 carabus species at the 17 permanent lots during the years1988 through 1998. The author and the compiler of the database is science worker T.L. Ananina. The database and GIS “Forest Fires” (Arcinfo format) contains information on 65 forest fires during the years 1952 through 1999 (location and date of starting, area, the cause, the composition of the forest vegetation) with the general area of 3423.71 hectares. Conclusion At the Barguzin Reservation 24 databases (in Access and Excel formats) were prepared, they contain information on the many-years dynamics (minimum - 11 years, maximum – 60 years term) of the controlled parameters of the natural complexes. The received materials serve as a base for evaluating the natural variability of the controlled parameters of the state of components of the natural complexes and making analysis of the long-term series of observations, aiming at optimization the monitoring program at the Barguzin biosphere preserve. Besides, this information will be used for designing GIS for the preserve territory.
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